Chlamydia is the most commonly diagnosed sexually transmitted infection in Australia, with over 100,000 notifications each year. It is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis and is spread through vaginal, anal, and oral sex. According to the Australian STI Management Guidelines, chlamydia rates are highest among people aged 15 to 29, with approximately one in twenty young Australians testing positive when screened in general practice.
The most important fact about chlamydia is that the vast majority of infections cause no symptoms at all. Around 75 per cent of women and 50 per cent of men with chlamydia are completely unaware they are infected. When symptoms do occur, they may include unusual discharge, pain when urinating, or pelvic discomfort — but these are easily mistaken for other conditions. Without testing, most chlamydia infections go undetected and untreated, which is why routine screening is so strongly recommended.
Testing for chlamydia is simple and non-invasive. The standard test uses a urine sample analysed by nucleic acid amplification testing, which has a sensitivity above 95 per cent. If you have had oral or anal sex, self-collected throat and rectal swabs are recommended because chlamydia can infect these sites without causing any symptoms and a urine test alone will not detect it. These swabs are collected by you in a private space at the pathology clinic and take under a minute.
Chlamydia can be reliably detected from two weeks after exposure. Testing earlier than this may produce a false negative result. If you have had a known exposure, testing at two weeks with a repeat test at six weeks provides the highest level of confidence. Australian guidelines recommend annual chlamydia screening for all sexually active people under 30, and testing after every new sexual partner regardless of age.
If chlamydia is detected, treatment is straightforward. The standard treatment is a short course of treatment taken for seven days, which clears the infection in the vast majority of cases. All recent sexual partners from the past six months should be notified and treated, even if they have no symptoms. A test of cure is recommended four weeks after completing treatment to confirm the infection has cleared. Left untreated, chlamydia can cause serious complications including pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy in women, and epididymitis and reduced fertility in men.
Regular sexual health screening is recommended for anyone who is sexually active, even when no symptoms are present. Most sexually transmitted infections produce no noticeable symptoms in the early stages, which means they can be unknowingly passed to sexual partners. Australian guidelines recommend at least annual screening for sexually active adults, and more frequent testing for those with new or multiple partners. If you have had unprotected sex with a new partner, testing is recommended even if you feel well.
If your test results are positive, your Specialist GP will contact you directly to discuss treatment options and arrange treatment. Most bacterial STIs respond well to a short course of antibiotics and are straightforward to manage when detected early. Partner notification is an important part of treatment — all recent sexual partners should be informed and tested, even if they have no symptoms. Your GP can advise on how to approach this conversation, including anonymous notification options if preferred.